聚全氟乙丙膜电子束引发预辐射接枝AA和SSS制备阳离子交换膜的性能

利用电子束引发预辐射接枝技术,在聚全氟乙丙烯(FEP)膜上接枝丙烯酸(AA)和对苯乙烯磺酸钠(SSS)两单体,制备出一种含羧酸基团和磺酸基团的阳离子交换膜,接枝率越高,接枝膜的吸碱性能越好。差示量热扫描及X射线衍射测试表明,接枝膜结晶度随接枝率的升高而降低。这是接枝膜中FEP组份的“结晶变形”及接枝链对晶区的“稀释作用”综合影响的结果。     

低温等离子体液相接枝NVP改性PAN膜

采用液相等离子体接枝技术改性聚丙烯腈(PAN)膜,在PAN膜表面引入亲水性单体氮乙烯吡咯烷酮(NVP).通过傅立叶红外光谱、DSC、XPS对PAN改性膜进行了表征,研究了单体浓度、温度、接枝时间对PAN改性膜纯水通量的影响,考察了在不同单体接枝温度下,PAN改性膜对NaCl、MgSO4混合盐体系的分离性能.     

凝固浴温度对相转化聚醚砜中空纤维膜结构与性能的影响

以聚醚砜为膜材料、N,N-二甲基乙酰胺为溶剂、PVP为添加剂配成稳定溶液,使用水为凝固浴,采用干／湿法溶液相转化制备聚醚砜中空纤维膜．研究了凝固浴温度及空气间隙距离对膜的表面孔结构、断面结构和其它性能的影响．发现升高凝固浴温度的同时,增大空气间隙,可以有效地增大膜外表面的孔径,膜断面近外皮层下结构由指状孔向海绵状孔转化．     

Influence of chromium on microstructure and etching behaviour of new Ni–Fe–Al based alloy

In the present study, the influence of chromium on the microstructure and etching behaviour of the polycrystalline alloy Ni–13Fe–8Al–4Ti (at-%) has been examined. The alloy was recently designed for nanomembrane fabrication, but although it showed the necessary γ/γ′ microstructure with cubic, well aligned γ′ precipitates, it proved to be unsuitable for nanomembrane fabrication as the γ matrix was dissolved during chemical etching. To obtain the passivation of the γ matrix, chromium has been added in further modifications containing 1, 2, 3 and 4 at-% chromium. Moreover, the influence of heat treatment and the different cooling rates of heat treatment in air/vacuum have been investigated. For chemical phase extraction, the application of the chemical etchants MoO₃ acid and ‘G’ etchant has been examined, the formability was characterised by Vickers hardness testing. The main purpose of the present study, namely the passivation of the γ matrix, could be achieved by the addition of 4 at-% chromium and etching with ‘G’ etchant.     

无机膜反应器的研究进展

膜反应器是具有反应与分离双重功能的单元集成设备,通过分离与反应的协同作用强化化学反应过程,已在加氢、脱氢、分解和氧化等苛刻反应中显示出优势。膜材料是决定膜反应器性能与应用的关键因素。重点从膜材料角度出发,介绍了致密无机膜反应器与多孔无机膜反应器的特点及发展。指出应开发高分离性能、抗污染、易于封装的膜材料,加强膜反应器质量和热量传递基本理论研究,以促进无机膜反应器早日大规模工业化应用。     

Sandwich Photothermal Membrane with Confined Hierarchical Carbon Cells Enabling High‐Efficiency Solar Steam Generation

Solar‐driven vaporization is a sustainable solution to water and energy scarcity. However, most of the present evaporators are still suffering from inefficient utilization of converted thermal energy. Herein, a universal sandwich membrane strategy is demonstrated by confining the hierarchical porous carbon cells in two energy barriers to obtain a high‐efficiency evaporator with a rapid water evaporation rate of 1.87 kg m^?2 h^?1 under 1 sun illumination, which is among the highest performance for carbon‐based and wood‐based evaporators. The significantly enhanced evaporation rate is mainly attributed to the inherently optimized porous evaporation mode derived from the hierarchical hollow structures of pollen carbon cells, and the synergistically regulated water transporting and thermal management performance of the sandwich membrane. Moreover, the constructed sandwich membrane also exhibits excellent self‐regenerating performance in simulated seawater and high salinity water. The developed device can maintain an average evaporation rate of 4.3 L m^?2 day^?1 in a 25 day consecutive outdoor test.     

侧链多阳离子型氟化聚芴醚阴离子交换膜及其全钒液流电池性能

阳离子基团的分布对阴离子交换膜的微观相态和阴离子传导率有显著的影响.为开发全钒液流电池用高性能阴离子交换膜,本文通过向含有二甲胺基团的氟化聚芴醚前驱体接枝含阳离子烷基链的方式,合成了具有相似离子交换容量的一系列侧链多阳离子型氟化聚芴醚.实验结果表明,多阳离子侧链的引入能促进微观相分离的形成并提升阴离子传导率.同时,侧链...     

光纤麦克风传感探头的设计研究

提出了一种新型反射式光纤麦克风的理论设计,首次采用了Y形单根多模反射式光纤传感探头结构的形式,并在对光纤传感探头的理论研究基础上建立数学模型,给出了接收光纤接收光强的计算公式以及光强调制的理论曲线.另外,从理论和实验两个方面设计了实验型光纤麦克风并给出系统设计的整体结构框图.     

Mie‐Resonant Membrane Huygens' Metasurfaces

All‐dielectric metasurfaces have become a new paradigm for flat optics as they allow flexible engineering of the electromagnetic space of propagating waves. Such metasurfaces are usually composed of individual subwavelength elements embedded into a host medium or placed on a substrate, which often diminishes the quality of the resonances. The substrate imposes limitations on the metasurface functionalities, especially for infrared and terahertz frequencies. Here a novel concept of membrane Huygens' metasurfaces is introduced. The metasurfaces feature an inverted design, and they consist of arrays of holes made in a thin membrane of high‐index dielectric material, with the response governed by the electric and magnetic Mie resonances excited within dielectric domains of the membrane. Highly efficient transmission combined with the 2π phase coverage in the freestanding membranes is demonstrated. Several functional metadevices for wavefront control are designed, including beam deflector, a lens, and an axicon. Such membrane metasurfaces provide novel opportunities for efficient large‐area metadevices, whose advanced functionality is defined by structuring rather than by chemical composition.     

纳滤膜流动电位及Zeta电位的研究

应用自主研发的测试装置对荷电纳滤膜的荷电性能进行了研究。根据流动电位的测试原理,以不同浓度、不同成分的盐溶液为荷电纳滤膜表面流动电位的测量介质,研究了不同浓度、不同的压力条件下对纳滤膜表面流动电位及Zeta电位测量的影响。